PATH:
usr
/
share
/
doc
/
python-docs-2.7.5
/
html
/
library
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>16.8. readline — GNU readline interface — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="16. Optional Operating System Services" href="someos.html" /> <link rel="next" title="16.9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline" href="rlcompleter.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support" href="mmap.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="rlcompleter.html" title="16.9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="mmap.html" title="16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="someos.html" accesskey="U">16. Optional Operating System Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-readline"> <span id="readline-gnu-readline-interface"></span><h1>16.8. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> — GNU readline interface<a class="headerlink" href="#module-readline" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module defines a number of functions to facilitate completion and reading/writing of history files from the Python interpreter. This module can be used directly or via the <a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html#module-rlcompleter" title="rlcompleter: Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></tt></a> module. Settings made using this module affect the behaviour of both the interpreter’s interactive prompt and the prompts offered by the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#raw_input" title="raw_input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">raw_input()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input" title="input"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">input()</span></tt></a> built-in functions.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p>On MacOS X the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module can be implemented using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libedit</span></tt> library instead of GNU readline.</p> <p class="last">The configuration file for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libedit</span></tt> is different from that of GNU readline. If you programmatically load configuration strings you can check for the text “libedit” in <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline.__doc__</span></tt> to differentiate between GNU readline and libedit.</p> </div> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module defines the following functions:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.parse_and_bind"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">parse_and_bind</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.parse_and_bind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Parse and execute single line of a readline init file.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_line_buffer"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_line_buffer</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_line_buffer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the current contents of the line buffer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.insert_text"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">insert_text</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.insert_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Insert text into the command line.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.read_init_file"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">read_init_file</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.read_init_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Parse a readline initialization file. The default filename is the last filename used.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.read_history_file"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">read_history_file</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.read_history_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Load a readline history file. The default filename is <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.history</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.write_history_file"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">write_history_file</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.write_history_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Save a readline history file. The default filename is <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.history</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.clear_history"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">clear_history</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.clear_history" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Clear the current history. (Note: this function is not available if the installed version of GNU readline doesn’t support it.)</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_history_length"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_history_length</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_history_length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the desired length of the history file. Negative values imply unlimited history file size.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.set_history_length"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_history_length</tt><big>(</big><em>length</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_history_length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the number of lines to save in the history file. <a class="reference internal" href="#readline.write_history_file" title="readline.write_history_file"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">write_history_file()</span></tt></a> uses this value to truncate the history file when saving. Negative values imply unlimited history file size.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_current_history_length"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_current_history_length</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_current_history_length" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the number of lines currently in the history. (This is different from <a class="reference internal" href="#readline.get_history_length" title="readline.get_history_length"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_history_length()</span></tt></a>, which returns the maximum number of lines that will be written to a history file.)</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_history_item"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_history_item</tt><big>(</big><em>index</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_history_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the current contents of history item at <em>index</em>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.remove_history_item"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">remove_history_item</tt><big>(</big><em>pos</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.remove_history_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Remove history item specified by its position from the history.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.replace_history_item"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">replace_history_item</tt><big>(</big><em>pos</em>, <em>line</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.replace_history_item" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replace history item specified by its position with the given line.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.redisplay"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">redisplay</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.redisplay" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Change what’s displayed on the screen to reflect the current contents of the line buffer.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.set_startup_hook"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_startup_hook</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_startup_hook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set or remove the startup_hook function. If <em>function</em> is specified, it will be used as the new startup_hook function; if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any hook function already installed is removed. The startup_hook function is called with no arguments just before readline prints the first prompt.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.set_pre_input_hook"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_pre_input_hook</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_pre_input_hook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set or remove the pre_input_hook function. If <em>function</em> is specified, it will be used as the new pre_input_hook function; if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any hook function already installed is removed. The pre_input_hook function is called with no arguments after the first prompt has been printed and just before readline starts reading input characters.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.set_completer"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_completer</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_completer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set or remove the completer function. If <em>function</em> is specified, it will be used as the new completer function; if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any completer function already installed is removed. The completer function is called as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">function(text,</span> <span class="pre">state)</span></tt>, for <em>state</em> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></tt>, ..., until it returns a non-string value. It should return the next possible completion starting with <em>text</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_completer"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_completer</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_completer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get the completer function, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if no completer function has been set.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_completion_type"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_completion_type</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_completion_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get the type of completion being attempted.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_begidx"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_begidx</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_begidx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get the beginning index of the readline tab-completion scope.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_endidx"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_endidx</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_endidx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get the ending index of the readline tab-completion scope.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.set_completer_delims"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_completer_delims</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_completer_delims" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the readline word delimiters for tab-completion.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.get_completer_delims"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">get_completer_delims</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.get_completer_delims" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get the readline word delimiters for tab-completion.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.set_completion_display_matches_hook"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">set_completion_display_matches_hook</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>function</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.set_completion_display_matches_hook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set or remove the completion display function. If <em>function</em> is specified, it will be used as the new completion display function; if omitted or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, any completion display function already installed is removed. The completion display function is called as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">function(substitution,</span> <span class="pre">[matches],</span> <span class="pre">longest_match_length)</span></tt> once each time matches need to be displayed.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="readline.add_history"> <tt class="descclassname">readline.</tt><tt class="descname">add_history</tt><big>(</big><em>line</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#readline.add_history" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Append a line to the history buffer, as if it was the last line typed.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html#module-rlcompleter" title="rlcompleter: Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></tt></a></dt> <dd>Completion of Python identifiers at the interactive prompt.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="example"> <span id="readline-example"></span><h2>16.8.1. Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The following example demonstrates how to use the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt></a> module’s history reading and writing functions to automatically load and save a history file named <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyhist</span></tt> from the user’s home directory. The code below would normally be executed automatically during interactive sessions from the user’s <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><tt class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></tt></a> file.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">readline</span> <span class="n">histfile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"~"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">".pyhist"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span> <span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_history_file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The following example extends the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#code.InteractiveConsole" title="code.InteractiveConsole"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">code.InteractiveConsole</span></tt></a> class to support history save/restore.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">code</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">readline</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">HistoryConsole</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">InteractiveConsole</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"<console>"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"~/.console-history"</span><span class="p">)):</span> <span class="n">code</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">InteractiveConsole</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">init_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">init_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_and_bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"tab: complete"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">readline</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"read_history_file"</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save_history</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">save_history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">readline</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_history_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">histfile</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">16.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt> — GNU readline interface</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">16.8.1. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="mmap.html" title="previous chapter">16.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap</span></tt> — Memory-mapped file support</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="rlcompleter.html" title="next chapter">16.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></tt> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/readline.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="rlcompleter.html" title="16.9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="mmap.html" title="16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="someos.html" >16. Optional Operating System Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Jul 03, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>
[+]
..
[-] cookie.html
[edit]
[-] email.html
[edit]
[-] rfc822.html
[edit]
[-] mac.html
[edit]
[-] xml.etree.elementtree.html
[edit]
[-] xml.sax.html
[edit]
[-] formatter.html
[edit]
[-] rexec.html
[edit]
[-] pprint.html
[edit]
[-] crypt.html
[edit]
[-] future_builtins.html
[edit]
[-] queue.html
[edit]
[-] ipc.html
[edit]
[-] ftplib.html
[edit]
[-] doctest.html
[edit]
[-] inspect.html
[edit]
[-] multifile.html
[edit]
[-] commands.html
[edit]
[-] tk.html
[edit]
[-] mimewriter.html
[edit]
[-] i18n.html
[edit]
[-] simplehttpserver.html
[edit]
[-] msilib.html
[edit]
[-] misc.html
[edit]
[-] codecs.html
[edit]
[-] compileall.html
[edit]
[-] cd.html
[edit]
[-] nntplib.html
[edit]
[-] itertools.html
[edit]
[-] textwrap.html
[edit]
[-] urllib.html
[edit]
[-] ctypes.html
[edit]
[-] site.html
[edit]
[-] imgfile.html
[edit]
[-] statvfs.html
[edit]
[-] math.html
[edit]
[-] __builtin__.html
[edit]
[-] code.html
[edit]
[-] fpectl.html
[edit]
[-] mmap.html
[edit]
[-] shelve.html
[edit]
[-] mhlib.html
[edit]
[-] bastion.html
[edit]
[-] readline.html
[edit]
[-] resource.html
[edit]
[-] functions.html
[edit]
[-] crypto.html
[edit]
[-] argparse.html
[edit]
[-] email.mime.html
[edit]
[-] imp.html
[edit]
[-] asyncore.html
[edit]
[-] sha.html
[edit]
[-] webbrowser.html
[edit]
[-] signal.html
[edit]
[-] grp.html
[edit]
[-] undoc.html
[edit]
[-] fractions.html
[edit]
[-] sunau.html
[edit]
[-] xmlrpclib.html
[edit]
[-] dis.html
[edit]
[-] audioop.html
[edit]
[-] termios.html
[edit]
[-] base64.html
[edit]
[-] fcntl.html
[edit]
[-] poplib.html
[edit]
[-] shlex.html
[edit]
[-] gc.html
[edit]
[-] tokenize.html
[edit]
[-] xml.sax.reader.html
[edit]
[-] types.html
[edit]
[-] modulefinder.html
[edit]
[-] locale.html
[edit]
[-] unix.html
[edit]
[-] fileinput.html
[edit]
[-] bdb.html
[edit]
[-] test.html
[edit]
[-] bsddb.html
[edit]
[-] anydbm.html
[edit]
[-] sun.html
[edit]
[-] email.header.html
[edit]
[-] zipimport.html
[edit]
[-] ossaudiodev.html
[edit]
[-] importlib.html
[edit]
[-] logging.handlers.html
[edit]
[-] email.generator.html
[edit]
[-] keyword.html
[edit]
[-] sched.html
[edit]
[-] zipfile.html
[edit]
[-] random.html
[edit]
[-] debug.html
[edit]
[-] aetypes.html
[edit]
[-] gl.html
[edit]
[-] marshal.html
[edit]
[-] mailcap.html
[edit]
[-] getopt.html
[edit]
[-] urllib2.html
[edit]
[-] codeop.html
[edit]
[-] fm.html
[edit]
[-] email.errors.html
[edit]
[-] atexit.html
[edit]
[-] stringio.html
[edit]
[-] python.html
[edit]
[-] threading.html
[edit]
[-] logging.config.html
[edit]
[-] gensuitemodule.html
[edit]
[-] email.encoders.html
[edit]
[-] fnmatch.html
[edit]
[-] intro.html
[edit]
[-] compiler.html
[edit]
[-] cmd.html
[edit]
[-] glob.html
[edit]
[-] ssl.html
[edit]
[-] pydoc.html
[edit]
[-] unittest.html
[edit]
[-] copy_reg.html
[edit]
[-] io.html
[edit]
[-] array.html
[edit]
[-] contextlib.html
[edit]
[-] colorpicker.html
[edit]
[-] numbers.html
[edit]
[-] autogil.html
[edit]
[-] docxmlrpcserver.html
[edit]
[-] aifc.html
[edit]
[-] simplexmlrpcserver.html
[edit]
[-] hotshot.html
[edit]
[-] modules.html
[edit]
[-] constants.html
[edit]
[-] py_compile.html
[edit]
[-] syslog.html
[edit]
[-] optparse.html
[edit]
[-] pwd.html
[edit]
[-] pdb.html
[edit]
[-] stringprep.html
[edit]
[-] user.html
[edit]
[-] numeric.html
[edit]
[-] index.html
[edit]
[-] __main__.html
[edit]
[-] new.html
[edit]
[-] bisect.html
[edit]
[-] mimetools.html
[edit]
[-] thread.html
[edit]
[-] internet.html
[edit]
[-] timeit.html
[edit]
[-] sysconfig.html
[edit]
[-] filesys.html
[edit]
[-] datatypes.html
[edit]
[-] popen2.html
[edit]
[-] tabnanny.html
[edit]
[-] 2to3.html
[edit]
[-] select.html
[edit]
[-] copy.html
[edit]
[-] hashlib.html
[edit]
[-] filecmp.html
[edit]
[-] uuid.html
[edit]
[-] email.parser.html
[edit]
[-] restricted.html
[edit]
[-] token.html
[edit]
[-] mm.html
[edit]
[-] nis.html
[edit]
[-] warnings.html
[edit]
[-] sgi.html
[edit]
[-] windows.html
[edit]
[-] runpy.html
[edit]
[-] symbol.html
[edit]
[-] idle.html
[edit]
[-] language.html
[edit]
[-] plistlib.html
[edit]
[-] tkinter.html
[edit]
[-] parser.html
[edit]
[-] uu.html
[edit]
[-] netrc.html
[edit]
[-] heapq.html
[edit]
[-] linecache.html
[edit]
[-] tty.html
[edit]
[-] macostools.html
[edit]
[-] dummy_threading.html
[edit]
[-] csv.html
[edit]
[-] macosa.html
[edit]
[-] whichdb.html
[edit]
[-] xml.dom.minidom.html
[edit]
[-] xml.sax.handler.html
[edit]
[-] sqlite3.html
[edit]
[-] wave.html
[edit]
[-] curses.panel.html
[edit]
[-] fileformats.html
[edit]
[-] urlparse.html
[edit]
[-] binascii.html
[edit]
[-] fl.html
[edit]
[-] frameworks.html
[edit]
[-] someos.html
[edit]
[-] macpath.html
[edit]
[-] sets.html
[edit]
[-] socket.html
[edit]
[-] mutex.html
[edit]
[-] xml.html
[edit]
[-] robotparser.html
[edit]
[-] mimetypes.html
[edit]
[-] posixfile.html
[edit]
[-] imputil.html
[edit]
[-] othergui.html
[edit]
[-] archiving.html
[edit]
[-] pyexpat.html
[edit]
[-] tix.html
[edit]
[-] repr.html
[edit]
[-] aepack.html
[edit]
[-] dbm.html
[edit]
[-] xml.dom.html
[edit]
[-] mailbox.html
[edit]
[-] pkgutil.html
[edit]
[-] htmllib.html
[edit]
[-] struct.html
[edit]
[-] exceptions.html
[edit]
[-] imghdr.html
[edit]
[-] curses.ascii.html
[edit]
[-] gdbm.html
[edit]
[-] gettext.html
[edit]
[-] hmac.html
[edit]
[-] imaplib.html
[edit]
[-] email.charset.html
[edit]
[-] email-examples.html
[edit]
[-] cgitb.html
[edit]
[-] cookielib.html
[edit]
[-] os.path.html
[edit]
[-] userdict.html
[edit]
[-] binhex.html
[edit]
[-] basehttpserver.html
[edit]
[-] colorsys.html
[edit]
[-] dummy_thread.html
[edit]
[-] jpeg.html
[edit]
[-] smtplib.html
[edit]
[-] turtle.html
[edit]
[-] re.html
[edit]
[-] dircache.html
[edit]
[-] functools.html
[edit]
[-] markup.html
[edit]
[-] spwd.html
[edit]
[-] sunaudio.html
[edit]
[-] platform.html
[edit]
[-] logging.html
[edit]
[-] smtpd.html
[edit]
[-] persistence.html
[edit]
[-] macos.html
[edit]
[-] telnetlib.html
[edit]
[-] sndhdr.html
[edit]
[-] json.html
[edit]
[-] pty.html
[edit]
[-] subprocess.html
[edit]
[-] profile.html
[edit]
[-] ic.html
[edit]
[-] dbhash.html
[edit]
[-] stdtypes.html
[edit]
[-] decimal.html
[edit]
[-] sys.html
[edit]
[-] cgi.html
[edit]
[-] wsgiref.html
[edit]
[-] winsound.html
[edit]
[-] quopri.html
[edit]
[-] os.html
[edit]
[-] xml.sax.utils.html
[edit]
[-] posix.html
[edit]
[-] string.html
[edit]
[-] datetime.html
[edit]
[-] tempfile.html
[edit]
[-] multiprocessing.html
[edit]
[-] msvcrt.html
[edit]
[-] rlcompleter.html
[edit]
[-] httplib.html
[edit]
[-] cmath.html
[edit]
[-] mimify.html
[edit]
[-] stat.html
[edit]
[-] sgmllib.html
[edit]
[-] development.html
[edit]
[-] cgihttpserver.html
[edit]
[-] email.message.html
[edit]
[-] gzip.html
[edit]
[-] getpass.html
[edit]
[-] imageop.html
[edit]
[-] symtable.html
[edit]
[-] time.html
[edit]
[-] netdata.html
[edit]
[-] zlib.html
[edit]
[-] collections.html
[edit]
[-] operator.html
[edit]
[-] easydialogs.html
[edit]
[-] _winreg.html
[edit]
[-] socketserver.html
[edit]
[-] weakref.html
[edit]
[-] tarfile.html
[edit]
[-] carbon.html
[edit]
[-] strings.html
[edit]
[-] distutils.html
[edit]
[-] difflib.html
[edit]
[-] email.util.html
[edit]
[-] shutil.html
[edit]
[-] pickletools.html
[edit]
[-] curses.html
[edit]
[-] ast.html
[edit]
[-] aetools.html
[edit]
[-] allos.html
[edit]
[-] pickle.html
[edit]
[-] calendar.html
[edit]
[-] configparser.html
[edit]
[-] chunk.html
[edit]
[-] email.iterators.html
[edit]
[-] trace.html
[edit]
[-] asynchat.html
[edit]
[-] __future__.html
[edit]
[-] pyclbr.html
[edit]
[-] al.html
[edit]
[-] dl.html
[edit]
[-] miniaeframe.html
[edit]
[-] abc.html
[edit]
[-] errno.html
[edit]
[-] xml.dom.pulldom.html
[edit]
[-] xdrlib.html
[edit]
[-] scrolledtext.html
[edit]
[-] framework.html
[edit]
[-] md5.html
[edit]
[-] unicodedata.html
[edit]
[-] ttk.html
[edit]
[-] fpformat.html
[edit]
[-] htmlparser.html
[edit]
[-] custominterp.html
[edit]
[-] dumbdbm.html
[edit]
[-] bz2.html
[edit]
[-] pipes.html
[edit]
[-] traceback.html
[edit]